7 Facts About the Life and Reign of Queen Victoria

Queen Victoria Was the First Monarch to Rule From Buckingham Palace

What is now Buckingham Palace was simply Buckingham House when King George III bought it in 1761 for his wife, Queen Charlotte, and their children. After George IV took the throne in 1820,  he decided to turn the house into a proper palace and hired architect John Nash to oversee the grand, and expensive, project. The work was still not done when the king died in 1830, and he never lived in the home he’d envisioned. Following her accession to the throne in 1837, Queen Victoria became the first sovereign to make the palace her primary residence. During her reign, the queen oversaw additional renovations and updates to Buckingham Palace, including the installation of electricity in the ballroom in 1883. Queen Victoria also holds the distinction of making the first recorded royal appearance on the palace’s balcony. In 1851, she greeted the public during celebrations for the opening of the Great Exhibition, an international event showcasing advancements in technology from around the world.

Queen Victoria Was a Prolific Writer

Between her diaries and letters, Victoria wrote an estimated 60 million words over her lifetime. Her earliest journal entry, written in 1832 when she was 13, begins, “This book, Mamma gave me, that I might write the journal of my journey to Wales in it.” She continued to document her life for nearly 69 years, writing just 10 days before her death at age 81, “Had a fair night, but was a little wakeful.” At Victoria’s request, her journals were edited after her death by her youngest daughter, Princess Beatrice, presumably to remove anything inappropriate that would upset the royal family or tarnish the monarch’s legacy. Beatrice spent 30 years transcribing and editing her mother’s journals and destroyed many of the original volumes.

Victoria Proposed to Her Husband, Prince Albert

Born three months apart, Victoria and her German cousin Prince Albert first met in 1836 when they were just teenagers. Their families had intended that they would one day marry, but most accounts suggest theirs was also a loving partnership, punctuated by the highs and lows of a long-term marriage. Following their introduction in 1836, the couple didn’t meet again until October 1839, and it was during that visit that they became engaged. Protocol prohibited Albert from asking for the reigning monarch’s hand, so it was up to Victoria to issue the proposal. In her diary, the queen later wrote, “Oh! how I adore and love him, I cannot say!” The couple were rarely together before their February 1840 wedding, but they often wrote to each other. In one letter to his betrothed, Albert wrote (in German), “Even in my dreams I never imagined that I should find so much love on earth.”

She Popularized the White Wedding Gown

On her wedding day, Victoria wanted to be seen as Prince Albert’s wife rather than the queen of England, so she chose to wear a white gown instead of the red robe of state. Though she wasn’t the first monarch bride to wear white, it wasn’t a traditional choice for a royal wedding gown, or a nonroyal gown, for that matter. Victoria and Albert’s nuptials were highly publicized, and depictions of Victoria’s simple, elegant dress adorned with orange blossoms conjured an image of romantic purity that soon caught on with brides across Europe and the West. Constructed of silk and lace made in Britain — as both a show of patriotism and to boost a declining industry — the gown featured the nipped waist and full skirt that became the classic wedding dress silhouette.  

After Albert’s Death, She Wore Only Black

Though most of Victoria’s clothes were destroyed, portraits, fabric samples, and journal entries tell us that her early years as queen were highlighted by beautiful, colorful fashion. That changed when Prince Albert died in 1861 after a brief illness. The widowed monarch donned the traditional black mourning attire and ordered the royal household to remain in mourning for a year. Victoria, however, continued to wear black long after the traditional period of public mourning. In fact, she dressed in black (often with a white widow’s cap) every day for the rest of her life, until her own death in 1901.

Victoria’s Descendants Became Monarchs Throughout Europe

After surviving an isolating childhood and the strict set of rules known as the “Kensington System,” Victoria was eager to gain her independence when she ascended the throne at age 18. In fact, one of her first acts as queen was to claim a bedroom separate from her overprotective mother, the Duchess of Kent. Victoria and Albert’s marriage produced nine children in 17 years, and biographies of the queen often mention her distaste for pregnancy and childbirth — what she called the “shadow-side” of marital life. 

Still, Victoria’s reign was defined by her desire to grow and strengthen the British Empire, and she balanced her responsibilities as a mother and sovereign by arranging marriages for her children that would increase British influence and assure strong connections throughout Europe. The first of the dynastic marriages arranged by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert was between their eldest daughter, Princess Victoria (Vicky), and the Crown Prince of Prussia, Friedrich Wilhelm, with the goal of unifying the German states and introducing the liberal political ideals of Great Britain. Victoria’s commitment to creating strong marital alliances throughout Europe continued with her other children and grandchildren; her heirs married into other royal families and ascended thrones in Denmark, Germany, Greece, Norway, Russia, and Spain. Of the roughly 28 monarchies that still exist today, five of them are held by Victoria’s descendants.

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